Art of making types and type-bars.



P.- 11. RICHARDS. ART. OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS. APPLIGATION 'IILED JAN. 3, 1901. RENEWED JAN. 14,

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Pi H- RICHARDS. .ART or MAKING TYPES AND TY PE mas; APPLICATION FILED JAN. 3, 1901. RENEWED JAN. 14,1909. '91 9 232, v Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

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UNITED STA'llEs a'rnnr FFIGEQ FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, {IO AMERICAN TYPOGRAPHIC CORPORATION, A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.

ART OF MAKING TYDES AND TYPE-BARS.

Application filed January 3, 1901, Serial No. 41,835.

T 0 all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANCIS II. R-rormnns, a citizen of the United States, residing at Hartford, in the county of Hartford and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Art of Making Types and Type-Bars, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to the art of making types and typebars, and especially to a method of making from a solid blank or bar of metal a typebar adapted for use in the typographic art for printing a line of characters.

The present invention is in the nature of an improvement upon that shown, described, and claimed in the application of Darien Dodson, Serial No. 600,152, filed July 22, 1896, to which I have permission to refer, and also is an improvement upon the invention set forth in my prior application Serial No. 740,512, filed December 16, 1899. In the Dodson process the separate types are formed on the edge of a typebar-blank by a rolling movement of the dies. This rolling movement, however, in the Dodson process, is a simple one, it being a progressive cycloidal movement in a proper orbit Two of the principal features that distinguish the present process and the process set forth and claimed in my aforesaid prior application from that of Dodson are these: I avoid the necessity of setting off the finished type-blank before the die is brought into action, and I preferably subject each type-formative portion of the blank to repeated rolling operations usually of such a character that not only will the face of the type be perfectly finished, but the base portion will also be finished and strengthened to such an extent as to enable it to resist greater crushing forces and last longer.

In my prior application hereinbefore referred to I have set forth and claimed a method of forming a type by subjecting type-blank to repeated type-forming opera tions, preferably by rolling the type-blank in contact with a type-die, to shape the type gradually, the typefor1ning operation proceeding in such a manner that most of the surplus stock will be forced out sidewise of -a typebar-blank when the type is formed on the edge of such a blank, instead of being forced out endwise thereof as in the Dodson process.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented April 20, 1909.

Renewed. January 14:,1909. Serial No. 472,296.

As to one feature thereof the present invention is not only in the nature of an improvement upon, but is also a modification of, that disclosed in my aforesaid application; but as to other features thereof the present invention is entirely distinct from that disclosed in said application, and the actions hereinafter to be described may result from other modes of operation than that set forth in such prior case.

The principal eature of the present invention is the formation of a type from a typeblank or from a typebar-blank by working a suitable portion of the type-blank or typebarblank at such a high rate of speed that the molecular action in the'mass will be increased mechanically to such an extent as to result in increasing the ductility of the metal and preferably so softening it as to permit the shaping of the type-face substantially by a molding operation. This heating up of the mass to be shaped by a die is due entirely to the rapid shifting of the mass as a suitable force is applied thereto for shifting or working the same, and the resultant localization of the heat, due to the fact that it is not conducted away or otherwise dissipated as fast as it is developed; and provided that the metal be worked with sufficient rapidity to bring about the proper molecular action and raise the temperature of the mass to a point where it can be shaped more readily, the particular means for working such metal is not essential. I deem it desirable, however, to operate upon the metal of the blank in substantially the manner described in my application hereinbefore mentioned, that is to say, I prefer to roll the metal of the blank repeatedly in contact with a die, for the purpose of gradually shaping the blank into the form of a type by a series of operations which coact to finish the type perfectly and also to strengthen the body of the type very materially during the shaping thereof. In the present case, however, when the blank is rolled in contact with a die the rate of operation should be very much higher than when a type is formed according to the process disclosed in my aforesaid application. Usually one of these two cooperating members viz.

the die and the type-blank-will be recipro-- cated in a curvilinear path while in contact with the other, and a feed movement will also be imparted to one of them in a direction toward the other, but such reciprocatory curyilinea movement should be so rapid as to modify the process disclosed in in aiorosaid application by adding to the ro in swaging, a id forging operations from the movement of one oi sair contact with the other while the moving one oi the two coacting inembers viz, the blank and the diein contact with he other at a high rate of speed the type ogeration would be finished more d that the rapid formation of the 70 l he "'acilitated by the heat develblank is substantially unchz a 'esult ol the increased molecular plr'sical state the additional r due to the mechanical shiitin in moldine' tne iace on orlrine; ot the iarticles oi" the tions tnereoi t metal s1 uteri to the t ie-iormm action.

erly soi'teneu by tl 0" or c, wh n this process was carried rapid meehan 1. o it ,y oscillating the blank at the rate of in the di' i'ication a1 15 plication,

two thousand or more oscillations per minute, and this blanl; an alloy consisting of tin, antimony anu OODDQY combined in suitable plan and t proportions for the purpose or" obtaining a by my improved process and y rd and tough tyj ie-nietal, the heat del iq'. 1:3 is a plan of a ycl )y the worl'ing of the metal in con i t t. l the die was suilicient to heat the types: E-l in the dic-space to the point of so wl :1 there would be added to the ypes on the edge of ty ning operations of rolling, swaging, t is a sectional side cl one e additional operation OllDOldthe same, illus'ratirig in the hater or softened surface of the 25 for forming a L: with the walls o1 the die sectional end eleyz tions illustratii n.mediately below the soltiyely, an intermen t a thel mained its solidity and its the operation of tor-1n we. l r the forging, swag'ing. rollside elevation of a r an a hianl;- ope ations exerted upon the 30 feeding we cooperative wit It should be understood, Q5

2 typebari l be exact rate oi speed at which blank, the parts being shown on the same sc i .t tt as in F l and l 8 is an QiELlTlGff of the ope SiTiO'l is c Urried on will Vary consid- 7 g and Fig. l l erablyin practice according}, to the composia simple mechanis ticii of the typo-metal, the extent of the 35 typebais accori'ling to my I iio'rcinent it the part operated, &c., and in Similar characters design ,iize parts in soil-re when the blank is oscillated in the different figures oi the 7 :1 the manner just stateth the number oi" oscilln ordert obtain the best e Lil cailations per minute n-ay reach tour to six rying out my nproyed pro l'zeen thousand and upward.

40 found 2 lyantageous, althou 1. it 'lhe heating up of the metal or type-blank is not absolutely necessary, h which is to form the ype may be effected in type by means of a single tool lg any suitable manner, but while hand-operwith a nrope blank, and to so o i )1 ated DQQUHS maybe employed -forthe purpose,

both of these members relatively othe 2 L a le mechanism will ordinarily be used. 0 compact and condense 45 or to each other as t l er, a single die will usually be emmost perfe tly the material of the type pl U for operating upon each separate face proper before the completion oi the ss' e. of a if/PG-blOCli or type blanli, for the reason The many experiments that were that such a die is sufficient to subject said determine the best ncthod o" type-blank to all of the various operations 50 and typebars iromblanks demons i which it undergoes before becoming a iinit was desirable to condens tio shed type. Any prop r type-die may be finished type as much poss' mployed, and this may be mounted in any face oi the type and near tl anner, though I prefer to support and it was L lso found the, the tyne-di s such as d, on a carrier,

*5 perfectly "when the blank was i :arrier may be secured to a *als haying" d plurality oi inc 5 V ties, which metals when alloyed l 1 1 pile bla 1k, which may be of any material a hard 2.; d tough compound that would opsuitab r the purpose, but will usually be a )ose GODSlQQI'Z Q' resistance to theaction oi a l tynen l oi Lroner (ZOJHDOSIUOD is (lCSlQ- q T x m t r r 7 a 60 type-lornunn; in yet have suiiicient duci ated in in a such as J, (see i i 7 and 8.)

general way by b, and may tility to be .VOi'litd readily into She espebe s'i ed by a carrier substantially in the cially when sub ;ccted to repeated roilings by .nanner shown in Fig. 9, in which 1 have illusa die for the nuroose of re-dually I rniine' a tratcd an ore'anized mechanism embody in i 1 type. it was also I011i1 that when thi tne elements iiiustrated dlagraminttically iii '3 L (35 IZLClUftl formation of a t ne was effect-ed b lFi 7. In said mechanism the t *iebar- 2: J i b blank bis supported by a carrier, or carriage, which may be of the type illustrated at B, and is preferably mounted for traveling movement on a suitable base or support, such as 1, forming part of a frame, such as 1, for supporting the several parts of the mech anism, said carriage here deriving its traveling movements from a feed-screw, such as 20, which may be turned different distances to feed the carriage correspondingly. In the present construction this carriage also sup ports a vertically-movable carrier B, which ismounted in guideways in the carriage B for the purpose of feeding the blank toward the die during the type-forming operation. Moreover, said vertical carrier is also in tended to support another carrier such as B, which constitutes the blank carrier proper and is preferably mounted for oscillation in bearings in the carrier B by means of trunnions, such as 3, the axis of oscillation of the carrier B being preferably in the central, vertical, longitudinal plane of the blank b when the latter is in place in said carrier.

The die-carrier D, with which. the blankcarriers are intended to cooperate, preferably has its shaft 2 journaled in a bearing in the upper end of an upright 1 rising from the base 1, and said carrier may be turned to any desired position and then held in place in such position by a suitable locking device, such as a spring-pressed detent-pin 12, carried in this case by an arm 2 projecting from the bearing for the shaft 2, said detent-pin being intended to be received in openings, such as 13, in the die-carrier D, for the purpose of holding the die-carrier in the desired working position. Said die-carrier may have a complete series of dies, one for each letter of the alphabet, as clearly shown in Fig. 9.

For the purpose of operating one of the main coacting members-viz., the blank and the dierelativelyto the other at a high rate of speed, and feeding one of said members toward the other during such rapid typeforming movement, I have illustrated l'rerein a main driving-shaft 15, carrying in this case a pair of pulleys, one of which is designated by 15 and is driven at a high rate of speed by a driving-band 16 from some suitable source of power, (not shown,) while the other transmits its movement to a driving-band 17, which in turn operates a large pulley 18, secured to a shaft 18, journaled in bearings in hangers, one of which is shown at 19, depending from the under side of the base 1. The

shaft 18 has thereon in this case a worm 22,

in mesh with a worm-gear a3, loosely mounted on a shaft 25, and bearing at one end against a fixed cheek, while at the other end it cooperates with one member 24 of a coupling device, preferably a friction-coupling, the other element of which may be carried by the wornugear 23, as illustrated at 23, suitable adjusting and check nuts, such as 26 and 26, being employed to secure the proper coupling action. The shaft is journaled in bearings 27 and 27 at opposite ends of the frame and has thereon a pair of cams, such as 25 and 25", for the purpose of controlling, respectively, the oscillating and feed movement of the blank-carrying means.

The blank-carrier B may be operated from the main driving-siraft 15 at a rapid rate of speed by means of a link movement, preferably of such a type as to permit the oscillatory movement of the blank to be varied during the type-forming operation. Here said shaft 15 carries a crank-pin 15, which operates a link 30, pivoted to an oscillatory guide 31, which in turn is pivoted at a suitable point on the frame and has a guideway 31, in wl-ich a block 31 is mounted for sliding movement, said block having pivoted thereto a link 32, the pivot 32 of which, in the normal position thereof, is coincident with the center of oscillation of the guide 31, the other end of said link being pivoted on a rod 33, carried by the oscillatory blank-carrier B and movable in unison therewith, said link being preferably guided in some suitable manner, as by means of a pair of guide-arms, one of which is shown at 34. Near the center thereof the link 32 has in. this case another link 35 pivoted thereto, the link 35 be ing in turn pivoted at its lower end to a forked arm, such as 36, straddling the shaft 25 and guided at its lower end in some suitable manner, as by a pin 37, said forked arm 3J5 having thereon an antifriction-roll 36, which lies against the face of the cam 25, and y means of which said forked arm is raised and lowered to shift the link 32 and the block 31, by means of which the angular movement of the center 32 of the link 32 is varied and the oscillatory movement of the blank-carrier B correspondingly modi fied. This movement of the center 32 may l be such as to vary the angle of oscillation of the blank-carrier and hence of the blank 5 from zero to about six degrees at each side of the center movement, as indicated by the lines 19 and 19 in Fig. 8. A suitable spring, such as 38, should, of course, be employed for returning the forked arm 36 to its normal position, and said spring may also serve to saift the block 31 back to its dead-center position and to lower both of the blank-carriers B and B.

For the purpose of raising the blank during the oscillation thereof I prefer to make use of one or more wedges, such as w, which may be interposed between the carriage B and the vertically-movable carrier B, which latter in this case has an inclined face 40 cooperating with a corresponding face 11 of the wedge '10. This wedge preferably derives its movement from the cam 25 on the shaft 25, through connections similar to those by means of which movement is transmitted to is preic ably guided by the wedge 10 so niove therewith 1n the direction oi the l tudinal feed of the blank while permitt the wedge to move transversely to such longitudinal feed movement for the purpose oi feeding the blank toward tie die. Said wedge preferably has an antilriction roll i6 thereon cooperating with t cam forked at its rear end to straddle the 44. Suitable springs may be einpl returning the wedge w and ti 42 to their normal positions, t operated by a spring 427, wiile t be returned by means of a spring 48 woiii'n in a slot in the carriage E and secured t projection or pin 49 depending from s wedge.

For the purpose of preventing the vertical feed movement of ,he blanl-r-carriers B I B except when it is desired to form i i provide suitable means for prevcntl rotation of the shaft 25, the latter having thereon in this case a crank 1 in 25, we may abut against a stop, sue; as a sprin pressed stop 5G, mounted in suitable on iins in the ir -rue and normally projecting into the patn oi e pin 25', said stop 5% liavi liowe'v e a recess 50 through which t2 25 ma pass when it is desired to release the shaft 25, this latter operation being accomplished depressing the stop 51 momentarily, as by means of a key As the worm-gear 23 is loose on t 25 it will be evident that until the depressed the 15, and the (lQ'rlGL-S for transmitting movement to said worin o will operate idly, will the link 30 and t oscillatory guide 81 with its riiftable 3].". Immediately on the depression of said kc however, "t 25 begins to rot. e, and tails operation mll continue until t;1e pin 25 cornes in contact with t Y 50 again. During this rotation oi 5 the cam 25 will gradually sl ii t the L siter ii:

of the link 32, and the earn 2 5, tin-or. connections to the we:

latter toward the left, r k mediate y on the rising of tm center 32 $1; link 32 will, of course, been to move in a path of gradually-incrcasi length and will transmit to the blanlecarrier l3 tory movement, angle of wl. i-

gradually increase until the predc erinincd maximum movement is obtained, when the angle of oscillation may be reduced to any desired rate dependent upon the shape of the it 25 and inaction.

face of the cam 25. During this time, as wedge 10 raises the two blank-carriers B and B, of CO1"S the center of oscillation of the latter carrier will be gradually raised, it being preferable to raise said carriers to such an extent that at the end of the type-forming; operation the axis of oscillation or" .3 trru'niions 3 will be substantially in the i of tne nnished type, it being understood, oi course, that on the completion oi the latter the spring 48 will serve to shift the wedge 20 to right as seen in 9 and permit the lowering of the blank-carriers B l the spring t t 'n-e-ble l: or typebar-blanlr into a of speed suihcient to in- 'cula. action in the mass of .iing' tile same, without effecting the physical condition of the blank that is not being per the blank-carrier or the dieo course, be oscillated rapidly he desired result, and either of fed toward the other ion of the type to permit oi the same to its fin- .rlere tire entire work i formis acco iplished by oscillating "f 5, and die-c rrier is er position and located is comes in coz'itact with carrier in v type-forming operation. wi l be ofordinarily by means of a die substantially oi the construction shown herein, al-

though otl er types oi dies may be used to acconiplisl' the same result.

dJSPQC-iitl advantage oi'einplo ing a die of the construction shown in the (,lrawings is that it po-inits the confinement of a given portion. oi the type-bar endwise thereoi by a body which operates as a single 1nc chanical part, and indeed is actually constructed in one piece, although it has many functions that might be carried out by a large nuinlt er of tools each having a single The principal. feature of construction that 1.: guishes the die employed heron" ironi otnr type-(hes is the employment in correctio with the die proper of a 21 blade or lie. at one or both sides of the die for the purp so 0'' oinpressing and displacing a narrow strip oi the stock at one or both sldes of ti ooin ere a l pe is to be made, and

5 and the other by 5, and as these blades are -somewhat thin the notches made by them in the edge of the typebar-blank will be somewhat narrow, as will the strips of material forced out thereby. These blades form a means for confining between them endwise of the bar the material within any given type-field, but as there are no corresponding end walls on the die to check the flowage during compression the material will, of course, be free to flow out crosswise of the bar. Each of the blades 5 and 5 projects, usually throughout its whole length, beyond the outer wall or bottom wall 6 of its die, and hence throughout the whole period during which a type is being formed these blades serve to confine between them the mass of material that is being shaped. The bottom 6 of the die serves to roll out sidewise the major portion of the material not required for the making of a type. The end walls of the die-space, which are indicated herein by 6, intersect the bottom 6 in the usual way, as at 6", and the edge 6 serves to shear or cut away from the mass of the bar a type-block or type-blank containing sufficient material to fill the die-space and form a finished type; and that art of the edge of the typebarblank whic is o era'ted upon, but is not compressed by the b ades 5 and 5, and is not contained within the die-space, is obviously compressed by the bottom wall 6 of the die and is rolled off sidewise of the typebar-blank, but is always confined endwise of the bar by the die-blades just mentioned. Hence none of this surplus material is operated upon in such a manner as to force it into the field of an adjacent type, but instead all of the excess, whether it is forced out by the edges of the blades or by the bottom wall 6 of the die, flows sidewise of the blank and may afterward be severed from the bar to bring the sides of the latter into parallelism with each other.

The manner in which and the extent to which the type-formative material confined between the die-blades, and also supported. at its forward side by adjoining stock in advance thereof, is operated upon. are dependent upon the oscillation of the blank and also upon the feed movement thereof. Usually a somewhat rapid feed movement will be im parted to the blank during the early stages of the oscillation thereof in order that the type may be roughed out rapidly and afterward finished somewhat more slowly as the work approaches completion. Moreover the center 32 may be shifted away from its normal position to secure the maximum angle of oscillation of the blank B some time before the type is completely formed and may be returned to such normal position immediately before the upward feed movement of the two blank-carriers B and B ceases, but no arbitrary relation between the oscillatory movement of the blank and its upward feed movement need be maintained provided that the rate of oscillation is sufficiently rapid to produce not only a rolling, a forging, and a swaging action upon the type-blank, but also a mechanical disturbance of the particles of the mass sufficient to heat up and soften the latter, when the die will also operate to mold the softened metal into shape on the hard bar with which it retains its connection and which forms a resistant medium for opposing the compressing action of the die upon the metal and preventing the carrying down of such compressing action any considerable distance into the harder metal below and out side of the die-space.

The 0 erations to which the material of the blanlf is subjected are such as will result in forming a type without impairing the strength of such type-formative material. It has been stated before that these blanks will be suitable composition of type-metal,

and moreover they may be either separate typebar-blanks or a continuous strip or ribbon of metal from which the type-bars may be severed after being completed. In every case, however, wrought-metal blanks formed ordinarily by the usual rolling operations should be employed, as I have found in practice that cast-metal blanks are undesirable for the purpose and are not so well adapted to be brought into shape by such operations as are employed in this process. The principal reason for this is that cast metal when rolled and forged in this manner tends to crush and crumble beneath the die instead of compressing and flowin properly, and hence the cast metal will not fill the dies so well as the wrought metal, nor form the smooth faces and sharp edges that the latter will, nor will it maintain its integral connection with the body of the blank withoutimpairment of the strength of the metal even when the heat developed in the metal increases the ductility of the latter to the softening point and the type is partially formed by molding. The manner in which the metal acts when operated upon by the die will, of course, depend very materially upon the composition thereof, and I have found in practice that the best results are se' cured by 0 crating substantially in the manner descriffed upon. vv'rought-metal blanks composed of tin, antimony, and copper united in such proportions as to give the greatest strength with toughness and sufficient ductility to prevent crumbling and assure flowage of the metal under the action of a die.

In forming a type from a cold-metal blank in the manner hereinbefore described it will be evident that the face of the blank will be swaged to a considerable extent shortly after the rolling action begins, this swaging being performed by the face or inner wall of the die; that the rolling will be accomplished chiefly by the base or outer wall of the die and by the edges of the die-blades; that the I forging of the type body will be effected l principally by means of the end walls of the die, which will usually be considerably inclined in order that the type may be shaped properly and sui'licient room left between such Walls and the corresponding sides of the type to assure the filling of the die-space during the final stages of the t pemaking operation; and that the molding of the sur face of the type "will be effected when the blank is oscillated With sullicicnt rapidity to soften the mass being operated upon and render it plastic. This heating up of mass as a result of the rapid mechanical Working of the same in contact with the die may be varied considerably, and din final stages of the operation the shapn the metal may be accomplished by an operation which is substantially analogous to hot forging; Whereas after the operation proceeds so far as to soften the metal and render it substantially plastic the die action will be more nearly analogous to a molding operation.

in carrying out the operation of forming a type according to my present process, as tl e blank is swung toward the right and toward the left alternately and is simultaneously fed toward the die, the stock at the base of the type-blank or type-block? is forged first at one side and then at the the for ing action being, of course, near a base of the type-block because this part of the type-block is farthest from the axis of oscillation. The for; action, however extends up the entire lei h of the side be operated upon and. resu compacting or condens' the blankf The for est at the base of the type-block b will be strengthened most in the reg; base, but the strengthened base will also be connected with the face of the type by a the layer of condenser metal thoroi v conipacted by the for operation. At the same time that this metal compressed by the forging action of the end. Walls 6 the die-space the central portion of the blank is forced upward into the die, owing; to the resistance opposed to the by the inner opposite Wals an space, the upper portion. or head block being-3; forced up farther ano the operation proceeds until the pletely fills the die space. i i this period the cutting ed d oiv the die shears into the metal of the y; char-blank and gradually completes the cutting out of the typeblock or type-blank from the mass of th metal. This type-blank, it will be seen, is not completely sheared from the typebarblank until the actual completion of the mak ing; of the type. In other Words, the shearing of the typebar-blank and the formation type of a type from that type-blank are substan tially coincident when my improved process is carried out in. the manner just described. Each time that a feed movement and an oscillation occur an additional portion of the surplus material confined between. the diebla es 5 and 5 is forced out sideivise of the blank both by the lower edges of these blades and by the bottom Wall 6. After such portion of the surplus has been forced out sidewise in this manner the cutting edge 6 at the next operation shears farther into the body of the blank, and this action continues until the type is finished. During the final stages of the operation when the metal of the blank becomes plastic as a result of the heat developed therein the die Will operate substantially as a means for molding the face of the type to its finished form. Of course when the blank is withdrawn from the die it should be lowered in a straight line in order to avoid injuring the finished type.

After any one type has been formed on the typebar-blank another may be shaped in substantially the same way, as is clearly shown in Figs. 4, but in every case the blade or fin 5 should be so located as to lie close to the side of the next adjacent finished type in 5 order that the types when finished may be sufliciently close to one another. lt Will be understood, of course, that the blank will be fed to a new position by turning the feedscrew 20 the proper amount and resetting the die-wheel, if necessary, to bring another die to the Working; position.

The linsf and f, Which are rolled off from y the sides of the bar by the bottom Wall of the 1 die and by the edges of the blades 5 and 5,

respectively, (chiefly by the surfaces 6 and 5,) may be removed at any proper time and in any suitable manner, a pair of cutting tools, such c, bein shown for the purpose, these preferably operating after a series of types has been formed.

it should be understood, of course, that the spaces between. groups of letters or Words in ay be formed in. any suitable Way, but prefy by means of blank dies, (not shown 1 wil roll the metal off in substantially manner just described. These blank s may be of any suitable width, and the l themselves will be of varying uddths, but in all it is desirable to form between i e WOiTlS .paces of such Width as to make forming operation in a direction generally crosswise of the blank and Working the portion of metal acted upon by the die at a sufficiently rapid speed to decrease the natural molecular cohesion of the metal in said portypebars which consists in bringing a die into Working engagement with each of the successive type portions along the edge of the type bar in succession in a reciprocatory rolling Working movement transversely of the blank and working the portion of metal acted upon and inducing molecular movement therein at a sufliciently rapid rate of speed to generate heat and thereby decrease the natural molection and thereby induce free ilowage thereof. ular cohesion of the metal in such portion 2. That improvement in the art of making and thereby induce freer fiowage thereof. FRANCIS H. RlCHARDS. Witnesses FRED. J. DOLE, O. E. Voss. 

